The CBSE Class 5 to 10 mathematics syllabus covers foundational concepts in number systems, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, mensuration, and statistics. In the early grades (5-8), the focus is on building a strong base in arithmetic, geometry, and data handling. Classes 9 and 10 introduce more advanced topics like polynomials, coordinate geometry, and introduce trigonometry.

Class 5:

• Number System: Understanding numbers up to 99, place value, and basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). 
• Geometry: Identifying 2D and 3D shapes, understanding lines (straight and curved), and spatial reasoning. 
• Fractions and Decimals: Working with fractions and decimals, including tenths and hundredths. 
• Measurement: Concepts of area and perimeter. 
• Data Handling: Introduction to data representation through charts and graphs. 

Class 6:

• Number System: Large numbers, Roman numerals, factors and multiples, prime and composite numbers.
• Geometry: Basic geometric ideas like lines, angles, triangles, and circles.
• Fractions and Decimals: Operations on fractions and decimals.
• Algebra: Introduction to algebraic expressions and simple equations. 

Class 7:

• Number System: Integers, fractions, and decimals.
• Geometry: Triangles and their properties, symmetry, and visualizing solid shapes.
• Algebra: More on algebraic expressions and equations.
• Mensuration: Perimeter and area of plane figures.
• Data Handling: Collecting, representing, and interpreting data. 

Class 8:

• Number System: Rational numbers.
• Algebra: Linear equations in one variable, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, exponents and powers.
• Geometry: Quadrilaterals, understanding 3D shapes.
• Mensuration: Area of a triangle, parallelogram, trapezium, and circle.
• Data Handling: Pie charts, probability. 

Class 9:

• Number System: Real numbers.
• Algebra: Polynomials, linear equations in two variables, coordinate geometry.
• Geometry: Euclid's geometry, lines and angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, circles, constructions.
• Mensuration: Surface areas and volumes.
• Statistics and Probability: Data handling, probability. 

Class 10:

• Number System: Real numbers, polynomials.
• Algebra: Pair of linear equations in two variables, quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions.
• Geometry: Triangles, circles, constructions.
• Trigonometry: Introduction to trigonometry, trigonometric ratios, trigonometric identities, heights and distances.
• Mensuration: Areas related to circles, surface areas and volumes.
• Statistics and Probability: Statistics, probability.